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Offender profiling, also known as criminal profiling, is a behavioral and investigative tool that is intended to help investigators to accurately predict and profile the characteristics of unknown criminal subjects or offenders.〔Richard N. Kocsis, ''(Applied criminal psychology: a guide to forensic behavioral sciences )'', Charles C Thomas Publisher, 2009, pp.226〕 Offender profiling is also known as criminal profiling, criminal personality profiling, criminological profiling, behavioral profiling or criminal investigative analysis. Geographic profiling is another method to profile an offender. Television shows such as ''Law & Order: Criminal Intent'', ''Profiler '' in the 1990s, the 2005 television series ''Criminal Minds'', the 2011 one season television series ''Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior'', and the 1991 film ''The Silence of the Lambs'' have lent many names to what the FBI calls "criminal investigative analysis". Holmes and Holmes (2002) outline the three main goals of criminal profiling: : * The first is to provide law enforcement with a social and psychological assessment of the offender; : * The second goal is to provide law enforcement with a "psychological evaluation of belongings found in the possession of the offender" (p. 10); : * The third goal is to give suggestions and strategies for the interviewing process.〔Holmes, R. M., & Holmes, S. T. (2008). Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool (4 ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.〕 Ainsworth (2001) identified that there are four main approaches to offender profiling: : * The geographical approach, in which the patterns are analyzed in regard to timing and location of the crime scene, in order to determine where the offender lives and works : * Investigative psychology, this approach focuses on the use of psychological theories of analysis to determine the characteristics of the offender by looking at the presented offending behavior and style of offense : * The typological approach looks at the specific characteristics of the crime scene to then categorize the offender according to the various ‘typical’ characteristics : * The clinical approach to offender profiling in which the understanding of psychiatry and clinical psychology is used to determine whether the offender is suffering from mental illness of various psychological abnormalities〔Sammons, A. In What is Offender Profiling? (chap. Criminal Psychology) Retrieved Apr. 13, 2013, from http://www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/criminological/A2_AQB_crim_whatIsProfiling.pdf〕 5 Procedural steps in generating a profile: : * 1. A thorough analysis of the type/nature of the criminal act is made and it is then compared to the types of people who have committed similar crimes in the past : * 2. An in depth analysis of the actual crime scene is made : * 3. The victim’s background and activities are analyzed, to look for possible motives and connections : * 4. The possible factors for the motivation of the crime are analyzed : * 5. The description of the possible offender is developed, founded on the detected characteristics, which can be compared to with previous cases〔Fulero, S. M, & L. Wrightsman. (2009). Forensic Psychology. (3rd Edition, Ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.〕 In modern criminology, offender profiling is generally considered the "third wave" of investigative science: * the first wave was the study of clues, pioneered by Scotland Yard in the 19th century; * the second wave was the study of crime itself (frequency studies and the like); * this third wave is the study of the psyche of the criminal. ==Definitions== Offender profiling is a method of identifying the perpetrator of a crime based on an analysis of the nature of the offense and the manner in which it was committed. Various aspects of the criminal's personality makeup are determined from his or her choices before, during, and after the crime.〔Criminal profiling helps investigators examine evidence from crime scenes and victim and witness reports to develop an offender description. These descriptions may include the analysis of psychological variables such as personality and behavior patterns, as well as demographic variables such as age, race or geographic location. Investigators should use profiling as a means to narrow down the suspect pool, or in structuring an interrogation of a suspect once apprehended.Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis, by Brent Turvey, M.S. San Diego, Academic Press, 1999.〕 This information is combined with other relevant details and physical evidence, and then compared with the characteristics of known personality types and mental abnormalities to develop a practical working description of the offender. Psychological profiling may be described as a method of suspect identification which seeks to identify a person's mental, emotional, and personality characteristics (as manifested in things done or left at the crime scene).〔Criminal Investigation, by Bruce Berg, 2008, 4th edition.〕 This was used in the investigation of the serial murders committed by Ted Bundy. Dr. Richard B. Jarvis, a psychiatrist with expertise on the criminal mind, predicted the age range of Bundy, his sexual psychopathy, and his above average intellect.〔The Stranger Beside Me, by Ann Rule, 1980.〕 A further, more detailed example of how psychological profiling may be performed is the investigation of Gary Leon Ridgway, also known as the Green River Killer. This case also demonstrates the potential for incorrect predictions. John E. Douglas, an investigator who worked for the FBI, provided a twelve-page profile, which stated the suspect was: *Probably a white male who had a dysfunctional relationship with women. *Organized since he tried to hide the bodies and appeared to spend some time at the river *Cunning in using rocks to weigh the victims down in the water to conceal them. *Very mobile with a vehicle. *Going to kill again. *Like other serial killers, he would be prone to contacting police wanting to help in the investigations.〔Guillen, Tomas. Serial killers issues explored through the Green River murders. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. Print.〕 However, the profile created for Ridgway also revealed characteristics that did not apply to him, such as being an outdoorsman and being incapable of closeness to other people. Ridgway was not an outdoorsman, but frequented the Green River with one of his wives, and also had a very close relationship with his last wife, which contradicted the point in the profile of being incapable of closeness. One type of criminal profiling is referred to as linkage analysis. Gerard N. Labuschagne (2006) defines linkage analysis as "a form of behavioral analysis that is used to determine the possibility of a series of crimes as having been committed by one offender."〔Labuschagne, G.N. (2006). "The use of linkage analysis as evidence in the conviction of the Newcastle serial murder, South Africa", ''Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling'', 3(3), 183-191. doi:10:1002/jip.51〕 Gathering many aspects of the offender’s crime pattern such as modus operandi, ritual or fantasy-based behaviors exhibited, and the signature of the offender help to establish a basis for a linkage analysis. An offender’s modus operandi is his or her habits or tendencies during the killing of the victim. An offender’s signature is the unique similarities in each of his or her kills. Mainly, linkage analysis is used when physical evidence, such as DNA, cannot be collected. Labuschagne states that in gathering and incorporating these aspects of the offender’s crime pattern, investigators must engage in five assessment procedures: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Offender profiling」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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